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	<title>amarkos&#124;gr&#124;blog</title>
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	<link>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog</link>
	<description>Personal Logotechnologion - Προσωπικό Λογοτεχνολόγιο</description>
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		<title>P vs NP problem solved?</title>
		<link>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/08/547/</link>
		<comments>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/08/547/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2010 13:13:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>amarkos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Επιστήμη]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[εκπαίδευση]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/?p=547</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The relationship between the complexity classes P (Polynomial time) and NP (Nondeterministic Polynomial time) is an unsolved problem in theoretical computer science, and is considered by many theoretical computer scientists to be the most important problem in the field. The Clay Mathematics Institute, which is dedicated to increasing and disseminating mathematical knowledge, has included it [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>The relationship between the complexity classes P (Polynomial time) and NP (Nondeterministic Polynomial time) is an unsolved problem in theoretical computer science, and is considered by many theoretical computer scientists  to be the most important problem in the field. The Clay Mathematics Institute, which is dedicated to increasing and disseminating mathematical knowledge, has included it in its list of <strong>Millennium Prize Problems</strong>; anyone who provides a satisfactory solution to the problem may be entitled to a <strong>USD $1,000,000 prize</strong>.</p></blockquote>
<p>In August 6th, <a href="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Vinay_Deolalikar/">Vinay Deolalikar</a> claimed to have proven P ≠ NP. The <a href="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Vinay_Deolalikar/Papers/pnp12pt.pdf">paper</a> still needs specialist proof-reading. </p>
<p><a href="http://scottaaronson.com/">Scott Aaronson</a>, an MIT professor, <a href="http://scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=456">wrote at his blog</a> that he doesn&#8217;t plan to interrupt his vacation time in Israel and Greece, unless other experts who have studied the paper in detail find the solution satisfactory. In that case he&#8217;ll also personally supplement the million dollar prize by the amount of $200,000. </p>
<p>Read more about the P vs NP problem at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_versus_NP_problem">Wikipedia</a>.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>All others bring data</title>
		<link>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/08/539/</link>
		<comments>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/08/539/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 08 Aug 2010 21:49:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>amarkos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Όλα είναι Πολιτική]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Επιστήμη]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bias]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[data]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[news]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Statistics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/?p=539</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Straight Statistics is a pressure group whose aim is to detect and expose the distortion and misuse of statistical information, and identify those responsible. It has been formed by a group of legislators, statisticians and journalists, chaired by the Labour peer Lord Lipsey.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><center><a href="http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/stats-logo.gif"><img src="http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/stats-logo.gif" alt="" title="stats-logo" width="283" height="78" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-540" /></a></center></p>
<blockquote><p><a href="http://www.straightstatistics.org/">Straight Statistics</a> is a pressure group whose aim is to detect and expose the distortion and misuse of statistical information, and identify those responsible. It has been formed by a group of legislators, statisticians and journalists, chaired by the Labour peer Lord Lipsey. </p></blockquote>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Uncaused Creation</title>
		<link>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/05/524/</link>
		<comments>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/05/524/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 15 May 2010 10:40:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>amarkos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Αβάντι Μαέστρο]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/?p=524</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A blog post is the least I could do for two child friends of mine, Constantine and Marios Magdalinos from Thassos, who formed a London based alternative rock band called Uncaused Creation. UC recently released their debut album which you can listen to on myspace. Anticipation is IMHO one of their most beautiful and touchy [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A blog post is the least I could do for two child friends of mine, Constantine and Marios Magdalinos from Thassos, who formed a London based alternative rock band  called <a href="http://www.reverbnation.com/page_object/page_object_bio/243326">Uncaused Creation</a>. UC recently released their debut album which <a href="http://www.myspace.com/uncausedcreation">you can listen to on myspace</a>. Anticipation is IMHO one of their most beautiful and touchy songs (song and lyrics below).<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Uncaused-Creation.png"><img src="http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Uncaused-Creation.png" alt="" title="Uncaused-Creation" width="442" height="600" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-527" /></a><br />
<center><br />
<img style="visibility:hidden;width:0px;height:0px;" border=0 width=0 height=0 src="http://counters.gigya.com/wildfire/IMP/CXNID=2000002.0NXC/bT*xJmx*PTEyNzM5MTgzMjI4MDgmcHQ9MTI3MzkxODMyNTM5NiZwPTI3MDgxJmQ9cHJvX3BsYXllcl9maXJzdF9nZW4mZz*xJm89/YWM2NWU3NjJiYTVhNGQyOTlhMGIwNjhmZDBiZmE4YjEmb2Y9MA==.gif" /><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://cache.reverbnation.com/widgets/swf/40/pro_widget.swf" height="120" width="300" align="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" loop="false" wmode="opaque" quality="best" allowScriptAccess="always" allowNetworking="all" allowFullScreen="true" seamlesstabbing="false" flashvars="id=artist_243326&#038;skin_id=PWAS1003&#038;background_color=EEEEEE&#038;border_color=000000&#038;auto_play=false&#038;shuffle=false&#038;song_ids=914220"/><br /><img style="visibility:hidden;width:0px;height:0px;" border=0 width=0 height=0 src="http://www.reverbnation.com/widgets/trk/40/artist_243326//t.gif"/><br />
</center></p>
<p>ANTICIPATION</p>
<p>I want to let you know<br />
I’m feeling low<br />
I&#8217;ve got to let you know<br />
My patience started to break</p>
<p>Behind your easy words<br />
You built a wall<br />
Before you’ll ever think<br />
You’ll find yourself in a cage</p>
<p>Alone you stand here and wait<br />
For life will turn out your way but,<br />
<br />You pray inside for a change</p>
<p>I’ve got to let you know<br />
I see you fall<br />
Soon it will be too late<br />
To take those weights off your head</p>
<p>Inside your little world<br />
Your hear a voice<br />
Someone is telling you<br />
That you’ll be the king of your race</p>
<p>Alone you anticipate<br />
For life will turn out your way but,<br />
You pray inside for a change</p>
<p>Staying Alive<br />
Is all you need</p>
<p>Staying Alive<br />
Is all we need</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Οι Αριθμοί της Φύσης &#8211; Η Φύση των Αριθμών</title>
		<link>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/05/521/</link>
		<comments>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/05/521/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 10 May 2010 17:05:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>amarkos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Διαδικτυακά]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Επιστήμη]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/?p=521</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Nature by Numbers from Cristóbal Vila on Vimeo. Μια παρέλαση όρων της ακολουθίας Fibonacci, της χρυσής αναλογίας και της τριγωνοποίησης Delaunay. [via] flowingdata]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><object width="400" height="225"><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><param name="movie" value="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=9953368&amp;server=vimeo.com&amp;show_title=1&amp;show_byline=1&amp;show_portrait=0&amp;color=&amp;fullscreen=1" /><embed src="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=9953368&amp;server=vimeo.com&amp;show_title=1&amp;show_byline=1&amp;show_portrait=0&amp;color=&amp;fullscreen=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="400" height="225"></embed></object>
<p><a href="http://vimeo.com/9953368">Nature by Numbers</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/eterea">Cristóbal Vila</a> on <a href="http://vimeo.com">Vimeo</a>.</p>
<p>Μια παρέλαση όρων της ακολουθίας Fibonacci, της χρυσής αναλογίας και της τριγωνοποίησης Delaunay. </p>
<p>[via] <a href="http://flowingdata.com/2010/05/10/dreaming-in-numbers/">flowingdata</a></p>
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		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Fosscomm 2010 στη Θεσσαλονίκη</title>
		<link>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/04/517/</link>
		<comments>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/04/517/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Apr 2010 16:33:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>amarkos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[digitalrights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Διαδικτυακά]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Επιστήμη]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[εκπαίδευση]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conference]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ellak]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fosscomm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[open source]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/?p=517</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Περισσότερα: fosscomm.gr, Πρόγραμμα]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Afisa.png"><img src="http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Afisa.png" alt="fosscomm10" title="fosscomm10" width="372" height="527" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-516" /></a></p>
<p>Περισσότερα: <a href="http://thessaloniki.fosscomm.gr/index.php/Main_Page">fosscomm.gr</a>, <a href="http://thessaloniki.fosscomm.gr/index.php/Program">Πρόγραμμα</a></p>
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		<title>p-value = 0.051</title>
		<link>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/03/510/</link>
		<comments>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/03/510/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 04 Mar 2010 15:12:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>amarkos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Όλα είναι Πολιτική]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Επιστήμη]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[εκπαίδευση]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ανάλυση δεδομένων]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[έλεγχοι υποθέσεων]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[στατιστική]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/?p=510</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Αυτό είναι το πρώτο από μια σειρά άρθρων για σφάλματα και παρανοήσεις σχετικά με τους στατιστικούς ελέγχους υποθέσεων. Αν έχεις παρακολουθήσει τουλάχιστον ένα προπτυχιακό μάθημα Στατιστικής, τότε με πιθανότητα 5% να κάνω λάθος έχεις συναντήσει αυτό το p-value του τίτλου, κατά κόσμον παρατηρούμενο επίπεδο σημαντικότητας ενός στατιστικού ελέγχου υποθέσεων. Πιθανότατα το μόνο που θυμάσαι γι&#8217; [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Αυτό είναι το πρώτο από μια σειρά άρθρων για σφάλματα και παρανοήσεις σχετικά με τους στατιστικούς ελέγχους υποθέσεων.</em></p>
<p>Αν έχεις παρακολουθήσει τουλάχιστον ένα προπτυχιακό μάθημα Στατιστικής, τότε με πιθανότητα 5% να κάνω λάθος έχεις συναντήσει αυτό το <em>p</em>-value του τίτλου, κατά κόσμον <em>παρατηρούμενο επίπεδο σημαντικότητας</em> ενός στατιστικού ελέγχου υποθέσεων. </p>
<p>Πιθανότατα το μόνο που θυμάσαι γι&#8217; αυτό είναι ότι πρέπει η τιμή του να είναι κάτω από 5% για αποδεχτείς μια υπόθεση διαφοράς, επίδρασης ή συσχέτισης και να απορρίψεις μια άλλη, την μηδενική. Έστω, λοιπόν, ότι επισκέφτηκες αρκετές φορές το καφενείο της Βουλής, εντόπισες 62 βουλευτές (άντρες και γυναίκες) και μέτρησες το IQ τους με ένα ειδικό τεστ ευφυΐας, γιατί είχες την υποψία ότι η ευφυΐα διαφέρει ανάμεσα στα δύο φύλα. Υποθέτεις λοιπόν ότι &#8220;οι γυναίκες της ελληνικής βουλής έχουν διαφορετικό δείκτη ευφυΐας από τους άντρες&#8221;. </p>
<p>Αφού συγκέντρωσες τα απαντημένα τεστ διαπίστωσες με γρήγορους υπολογισμούς ότι το μέσο IQ των γυναικών είναι 115, ενώ αυτό τον αντρών 100. Έχεις αρκετές ενδείξεις ότι ο δείκτης ευφυΐας των γυναικών της ελληνικής βουλής είναι σημαντικά διαφορετικός από αυτόν των αντρών; Μπορείς έτσι απλά να γενικεύσεις την παραπάνω διαπίστωση; <strong>Όχι</strong>, γιατί α. δεν είσαι δημοσιογράφος και β. δεν ήταν δυνατό να εντοπίσεις και τους 300 βουλευτές του ελληνικού κοινοβουλίου. Αποφασίζεις, λοιπόν, να βασιστείς σε έναν στατιστικό έλεγχο: θέτεις 5% την πιθανότητα να πεις ότι υπάρχει διαφορά στην ευφυΐα των δύο φύλων, ενώ στην πραγματικότητα αυτή δεν υπάρχει και στη συνέχεια αφήνεις την υπόλοιπη δουλειά σε ένα στατιστικό πακέτο. Στο output βλέπεις ότι <em>p</em>=0.02, δηλαδή η ποσοστιαία πιθανότητα να ισχυριστείς ότι υπάρχει διαφορά ενώ δεν υπάρχει είναι 2%, και αφού είναι κάτω από 5% γράφεις φαρδιά πλατιά στα συμπεράσματα της εργασίας σου &#8220;Υπάρχουν ενδείξεις ότι γυναίκες του ελληνικού κοινοβουλίου έχουν διαφορετικό δείκτη ευφυΐας από τους άντρες, όπως μετρήθηκε με το τεστ ευφυΐας των Marx &#038; Spencer&#8221;. Συγχαρητήρια, γιατί αυτό είναι το μόνο που μπορείς συμπεράνεις από τη δειγματοληπτική σου έρευνα (έστω ότι το δείγμα σου ήταν αντιπροσωπευτικό &#8211; άλλη περίεργη υπόθεση αυτή).</p>
<p>- Αν δεν είχες καταλάβει ότι οι έλεγχοι υποθέσεων σου δίνουν μόνο ενδείξεις και όχι αποδείξεις για ένα αποτέλεσμα, θα έγραφες στα συμπεράσματα: &#8220;Οι γυναίκες του ελληνικού κοινοβουλίου είναι πιο έξυπνες από τους άντρες&#8221; ή &#8220;Η ευφυΐα των ελληνίδων βουλευτών είναι μεγαλύτερη από αυτή των αντρών&#8221;. </p>
<p>- Αν πάλι ήσουν δημοσιογράφος θα τιτλοφορούσες το άρθρο σου: &#8220;Η Βουλή είναι γυναικεία υπόθεση&#8221;, &#8220;Άντρες από κάτω: γιατί οι γυναίκες του κοινοβουλίου μας είναι πιο άξιες απ&#8217; τους άντρες&#8221;, &#8220;Η επιστήμη επιβεβαιώνει τις επιλογές του Γιώργου&#8221; ή &#8220;Τρέμε Άδωνι&#8221;.</p>
<p><strong>Περισσότερα: (για εις βάθος)</strong></p>
<p>- Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (<em>p</em> < .05). <em>American Psychologist, 49, 997-1003.</p>
<p>- Ioannidis, J.P. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. <em>PLoS Med 2</em>, e124</p>
<p>- Schervish, M.J. (1996). P values: What They Are and What They Are Not.” <em>The American Statistician</em>, Vol. 50, No. 3.</p>
<p>- Thompson, B. (2006). <em>Foundations of univariate behavioral statistics</em>. New York: Guilford.</p>
<p>- Γ. Μενεξές, Α. Οικονόμου (2002). Σφάλματα και παρανοήσεις στους στατιστικούς ελέγχους υποθέσεων. Υπέρβαση μέσω της Ανάλυσης Δεδομένων, <em>Τετράδια Ανάλυσης Δεδομένων</em>, τ.2.</p>
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		<title>How to build an R package in Windows</title>
		<link>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/03/495/</link>
		<comments>http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/2010/03/495/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Mar 2010 16:50:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>amarkos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[R package build rtools statistics language]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amarkos.gr/blog/?p=495</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Let&#8217;s suppose you &#8216;re in the mood to create an R package and then upload it to CRAN as an ideal way of making sure others have access to your work. I don&#8217;t know if the following guide will really help you cause the R package mechanism is rather complex, but I&#8217;m quite sure it&#8217;ll [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Let&#8217;s suppose you &#8216;re in the mood to create an <a href="http://www.r-project.org/">R</a> package and then upload it to <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/">CRAN</a> as an ideal way of making sure others have access to your work. I don&#8217;t know if the following guide will really help you cause the R package mechanism is rather complex, but I&#8217;m quite sure it&#8217;ll be better than nothing.  </p>
<p><strong>A. Toolbox (necessary pieces of software you have to install first)</strong></p>
<p>0. Latest version of <a href="http://www.r-project.org/">R</a>.<br />
1. <a href="http://www.murdoch-sutherland.com/Rtools/">rtools</a>: a minimal set of Unix utilities<br />
2. <a href="http://www.activestate.com/activeperl/downloads/">ActivePerl</a>: a scripting language<br />
3. <a href="http://www.mingw.org/">MinGW</a>: Compiler system, uses GCC to produce Windows programs<br />
4. <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms669985(VS.85).aspx">Microsoft&#8217;s HTML Compiler</a>: It&#8217;s called htmlhelp.exe and includes hhc.exe<br />
5. A version of TeX (I use <a href="http://www.miktex.org/">MiKTeX</a>)</p>
<p><strong>B. Change your Windows Path &#8220;environmental variable&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>To set the path, right click on the &#8220;My Computer&#8221; icon on your desktop. Choose properties and click on the &#8220;advanced&#8221; tab. Click the environmental variables button and you will see a new window. Change the system variable &#8220;Path&#8221;. To do so, click on the variable and select the edit button. Change the path so that the directories containing MikTeX, Rtools, minGW, perl, R and the html help compiler. You will need to be very careful to type the path names correctly. See below for an example of the beginning of the path as set on my machine:</p>
<p><code>C:\Perl\site\bin;C:\Perl\bin;C:\Program Files\R\R-2.10.1\bin;c:\Rtools\bin;c:\Rtools\MinGW\bin;c:\Perl\bin;C:\Program Files\MiKTeX 2.7\miktex\bin</code></p>
<p>Restart your machine.</p>
<p><strong>C. Build your <code>hello</code> package (eventually)</strong></p>
<p>- Open a &#8220;Command Prompt&#8221; window. Check if path is correct (type <code>path</code>).<br />
- Run R through the command prompt (type <code>R</code>)<br />
- Type <code>package.skeleton("hello",code_="hello.r")</code><br />
- Exit R (type <code>q()</code> )<br />
(the <code>hello</code> directory was created and now you have to carefully edit the <code>DESCRIPTION</code> file which is under the <code>hello</code> directory and the <code>hello.Rd</code> file which is under the <code>man</code> directory, search for examples of these files in other package installations, you can find plenty of them in the <code>lib</code> directory, which is under your <code>R</code> installation directory)</p>
<p>- Back to the command prompt window, type <code>R CMD build hello</code> (<code>hello.tar.gz</code> was created)<br />
- Type <code>R CMD INSTALL --build hello</code> (<code>hello.zip</code> was created)<br />
- Type <code>R CMD check hello</code> for an extensive check of your package installation</p>
<p>In the unlikely event that everything went fine so far (no errors, no warnings) you just have to upload the <code>hello.tar.gz</code> file to <code>ftp://cran.r-project.org/incoming/</code> and send an email to <code>cran@r-project.org</code> that you did it. Otherwise, google the bad news and hope for the best.</p>
<p>Other resources for building R packages:<br />
[<a href=" http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/peter.rossi/research/bayes%20book/bayesm/Making%20R%20Packages%20Under%20Windows.pdf">Making packages under Windows</a>]<br />
[<a href="http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Leisch-CreatingPackages.pdf">Creating R packages: a tutorial</a>]<br />
[<a href="http://biosun1.harvard.edu/courses/individual/bio271/lectures/L6/Rpkg.pdf">An introduction to the R package mechanism</a>]<br />
[<a href="http://www-m4.ma.tum.de/Diplarb/howtorpackage.html">Create packages for R</a>]</p>
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